F.4 Modified signal under test
38.101-23GPPNRPart 2: Range 2 StandaloneRelease 17TSUser Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception
Implicit in the definition of EVM is an assumption that the receiver is able to compensate a number of transmitter impairments.
The DFT-s-OFDM modulated signals or PRACH signal under test is modified and, in the case of DFT-s-OFDM modulated signals, decoded according to:
where
is the time domain samples of the signal under test.
The CP-OFDM modulated signals or PUSCH demodulation reference signal or CP-OFDM modulated signalsunder test is equalised and, in the case of PUCCH data signal decoded according to:
where
is the time domain samples of the signal under test.
To minimize the error, the signal under test should be modified with respect to a set of parameters following the procedure explained below.
Notation:
is the sample timing difference between the FFT processing window in relation to nominal timing of the ideal signal.
is the RF frequency offset.
is the phase response of the TX chain.
is the amplitude response of the TX chain.
In the following 
represents the middle sample of the EVM window of length 
(defined in the next clauses) or the last sample of the first window half if 
is even.
The EVM analyser shall
– detect the start of each slot and estimate 
and 
,
– determine 
so that the EVM window of length 
is centred
– on the time interval determined by the measured cyclic prefix minus 16κ samples of the considered OFDM symbol for symbol l for subcarrier spacing configuration µ in a subframe, with l = 0 or l = 7*2^µ for normal CP, i.e. the first 16κ samples of the CP should not be taken into account for this step. In the determination of the number of excluded samples, a sampling rate of 1/Tc is assumed. If a different sampling rate is used, the number of excluded samples is scaled linearly.
– on the measured cyclic prefix of the considered OFDM symbol symbol for all other symbols for normal CP and for symbol 0 to 11 for extended CP.
– on the measured preamble cyclic prefix for the PRACH
To determine the other parameters a sample timing offset equal to 
is corrected from the signal under test. The EVM analyser shall then
– correct the RF frequency offset 
for each time slot, and
– apply an FFT of appropriate size. The chosen FFT size shall ensure that in the case of an ideal signal under test, there is no measured inter-subcarrier interference.
The carrier leakage shall be removed from the evaluated signal before calculating the EVM and the in-band emissions; however, the removed relative carrier leakage power also has to satisfy the applicable requirement.
At this stage the allocated RBs shall be separated from the non-allocated RBs. In the case of PUCCH and PUSCH EVM, the signal on the non-allocated RB(s), 
, is used to evaluate the in-band emissions.
Moreover, the following procedure applies only to the signal on the allocated RB(s).
– In the case of PUCCH and PUSCH, the UL EVM analyzer shall estimate the TX chain equalizer coefficients 
and 
used by the ZF equalizer for all subcarriers by time averaging at each signal subcarrier of the amplitude and phase of the reference and data symbols. The time-averaging length is 1 slot. This process creates an average amplitude and phase for each signal subcarrier used by the ZF equalizer. The knowledge of data modulation symbols may be required in this step because the determination of symbols by demodulation is not reliable before signal equalization.
– In the case of PRACH, the UL EVM analyzer shall estimate the TX chain coefficients 
and 
used for phase and amplitude correction and are seleted so as to minimize the resulting EVM. The TX chain coefficients are not dependent on frequency, i.e. 
and 
. The TX chain coefficient are chosen independently for each preamble transmission and for each 
.
At this stage estimates of 
, 
, 
and 
are available. 
is one of the extremities of the window 
, i.e. 
can be 
or 
, where 
if 
is odd and 
if 
is even. The EVM analyser shall then
– calculate EVMl with 
set to 
,
– calculate EVMh with 
set to 
.